Deep Nutrition

Sources

The scientific and health references behind the nutrition information, scores and recommendations in the DN app.

Macronutrients

  1. Alzahrani, M., AlGhrab, S., Althwabi, M., Sudan, A., Jurays, N., Alalyani, F., Bin Fudhayl, S., Alfahadi, M., Asiri, Y., & Alshahrani, A. (2022). Awareness of Lactose Intolerance Disorder in Saudi Arabia Population. Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 11(6), 3118–3124. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2247_21
  2. American Heart Association. (2021, November 21). Saturated fat. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/saturated-fats
  3. Bendsen, N. T., Christensen, R., Bartels, E. M., & Astrup, A. (2011). Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(7), 773–783. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.34
  4. Clark, C., Imran, J., Madni, T., & Wolf, S. E. (2017). Nutrition and metabolism in burn patients. Burns & Trauma, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41038-017-0076-x
  5. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Martín-Rodríguez A, Ramos-Campo DJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Tornero-Aguilera JF. (2022, September 15). The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease. Nutrients, 14(18):3809. doi: 10.3390/nu14183809. PMID: 36145184; PMCID: PMC9505863.
  6. Dickerson, R. N. (2016). Nitrogen balance and protein requirements for critically ill older patients. Nutrients, 8(4), 226. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu8040226
  7. Garden-Robinson, J., & Christenson, J. (2019). Teens and protein: How much do you need? North Dakota State University. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/teens-and-protein-how-much-do-you-need
  8. Gordon, B., & Klemm, S. (2022, June 23). How much water do you need? The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. https://www.eatright.org/health/essential-nutrients/water/how-much-water-do-you-need
  9. Guilbeau, J., & Watson, C. S. (2022). Assessment and management of vitamin D deficiency. Women’s Healthcare: A Clinical Journal for NPs, 10(1), 36–40.
  10. Liu, A. G., Ford, N. A., Hu, F. B., Zelman, K. M., Mozaffarian, D., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2016). A healthy approach to dietary fats: Understanding the science and taking action to reduce consumer confusion. Nutrition Journal, 16(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0271-4
  11. McDermott, B. P., Anderson, S. A., Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Cheuvront, S. N., Cooper, L., Kenney, W. L., O’Connor, F. G., & Roberts, W. O. (2017). National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: Fluid replacement for the physically active. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(9), 877–895. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02
  12. Munoz-Urtubia, N., Vega-Munoz, A., Estrada-Munoz, C., Salazar-Sepulveda, G., Contreras-Barraza, N., & Castillo, D. (2023). Healthy Behavior and Sports Drinks: A Systematic Review. NUTRIENTS, 15(13), 2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132915
  13. National Kidney Foundation of Hawaii. (n.d.). Understanding the Renal Diet: Protein. https://kidneyhi.org/dietitian-blog/how-much-protein-do-i-need-on-a-ckd-diet/
  14. Precker, M. (2022, January 27). Sound the fiber alarm! Most of us need more of it in our diet. American Heart Association News. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2022/01/27/sound-the-fiber-alarm-most-of-us-need-more-of-it-in-our-diet
  15. Seal, C. J., Courtin, C. M., Venema, K., & de Vries, J. (2021). Health benefits of whole grain: Effects on dietary carbohydrate quality, the gut microbiome, and consequences of processing. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(3), 2742–2768. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12728
  16. Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000852

Micronutrients

  1. Cowan, A., Tooze, J., Gahche, J, Bhadra, A, Carroll, R., & Bailey, R. (2020). Trends in overall and micronutrient containing dietary supplement use in adults and children, NHANES 2007-2018. The Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac168
  2. Crist, B. L., Alekel, D. L., Ritland, L. M., Hanson, L. N., Genschel, U., & Reddy, M. B. (2009). Association of oxidative stress, iron, and centralized fat mass in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of Women’s Health, 18(6), 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.0988
  3. Cuskelly, G. J., Mooney, K. M., & Young, I. S. (2007). Folate and vitamin B12: friendly or enemy nutrients for the elderly. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66(4 pp.548–558), 548–558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665107005873
  4. Farag, M. A., Abib, B., Qin, Z., Ze, X., & Ali, S. E. (2023). Dietary macrominerals: Updated review of their role and orchestration in human nutrition throughout the life cycle with sex differences. Current Research in Food Science, 6, 100450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100450
  5. Fletcher, J. (2019). What are the six essential nutrients? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326132
  6. Hanna, M., Jaqua, E., Nguyen, V., & Clay, J. (2022). B vitamins: functions and uses in medicine. Permanente Journal, 26(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/21.204
  7. Harguth, A. (2022). Why take vitamin and mineral supplements? Mayo Clinic Health System. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/why-take-vitamin-and-mineral-supplements
  8. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling. Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (U.S.); 2003. 3, Overview of Food Fortification in the United States and Canada. Available from:. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK208880/
  9. Leung, A. M., Braverman, L. E., & Pearce, E. N. (2012). History of U.S. iodine fortification and supplementation. Nutrients, 4(11), 1740–1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4111740
  10. National Institutes of Health. (2021a). Pantothenic Acid. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-HealthProfessional/
  11. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin C. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
  12. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin E. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/
  13. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin K. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/
  14. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Biotin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/
  15. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Choline. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/
  16. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Folate. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
  17. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Niacin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/
  18. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Riboflavin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/
  19. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Vitamin A and Carotenoids. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA/HealthProfessional/
  20. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Thiamin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/
  21. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Vitamin B12. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
  22. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Vitamin B6. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
  23. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Vitamins and minerals. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/vitamins-and-minerals
  24. Reddy, P. & Jialal, I. (2022). Biochemistry, fat soluble vitamins. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534869
  25. Soliman, N. M. S. E. D., Kotby, A. A., Shabaan, M. A., & Eid, E. M. (2022). Serum chloride and serum sodium derangements in children on prolonged furosemide therapy and their effect on diuretic response. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43054-022-00116-z
  26. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. December 2020. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/
  27. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022). Daily Value on the New Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-new-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels
  28. Weyh, C., Krüger, K., Peeling, P., & Castell, L. (2022). The role of minerals in the optimal functioning of the immune system. Nutrients, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030644

Digestion and gut health

  1. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2020, January 23). Foods to fight iron deficiency. https://www.eatright.org/health/essential-nutrients/minerals/iron-deficiency
  2. Azzouz, L. A., & Sharma, S. (2023, July 31). Physiology, large intestine (PMID 29939634). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507857/
  3. Bartel, M. (2022). Effects of Ageing on the Digestive System. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/biology-of-the-digestive-system/effects-of-aging-on-the-digestive-system
  4. Baton Rouge General (Mayo Clinic Care Network). (2023). Fad Diets and Colon Cancer. Are They Worth the Risk? Retrieved from. https://www.brgeneral.org/news-blog/2023/march/fad-diets-and-colon-cancer-are-they-worth-the-ri/
  5. Castera, M., & Borhade, M. (2022, September 5). Fluid management (PMID 30335338). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532305/
  6. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.-a). Hyperkalemia (high potassium). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15184-hyperkalemia-high-blood-potassium
  7. eBioMedicine. (2022). The Dynamics of the Immune System and Gut in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. The Lancet, 83(104273). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104273
  8. Moffitt Cancer Center (2023). What Foods Reduce the Risk of Colon Cancer? Retrieved from. https://moffitt.org/cancers/colon-cancer/faqs/what-foods-reduce-the-risk-of-colon-cancer/
  9. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2022). Your Digestive System and How it Works. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works
  10. NHS (2023). Fat: The Facts. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/different-fats-nutrition/
  11. Ems, T., Lucia, K., & Huecker, M. (2023, April 17). Biochemistry, iron absorption (PMID 28846259). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448204/
  12. Hakes, H. (2021, April 5). Vitamin deficiencies: Noting the oral health clues present in the mouth. https://www.todaysrdh.com/vitamin-deficiencies-noting-the-oral-health-clues-present-in-the-mouth/
  13. Johnson, L. E. (2022, November). Riboflavin deficiency (vitamin B2 deficiency). MSD Manual. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/vitamin-deficiency,-dependency,-and-toxicity/riboflavin-deficiency
  14. Sawar, M. F., Sawar, M. H., & Sawar, M. (2021). Deficiency of B-complex and its relation with body disorders. In J. G. LeBlanc (Ed.). B-complex vitamins. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78374
  15. Stewart, A. (n.d.). Deficiency symptoms and signs. Stewart Nutrition. https://www.stewartnutrition.co.uk/nutritional_assesment/deficiency_symptoms_and_signs.html
  16. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Portions and serving sizes. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/nutrition/Pages/Portions-and-Serving-Sizes.aspx
  17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2023). Nutrition during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/nutrition-during-pregnancy
  18. Balestrieri, P., Ribolsi, M., Guarino, M., Emerenziani, S., Altomare, A., & Cicala, M. (2020). Nutritional aspects in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutrients, 12(2), 372. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu12020372
  19. Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). 5 foods to improve your digestion. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/5-foods-to-improve-your-digestion
  20. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2023). Eat healthy during pregnancy: Quick tips. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/pregnancy/nutrition-and-physical-activity/eat-healthy-during-pregnancy-quick-tips
  21. Ratajczak, A., Szymczak-Tomczak, A., Rychter, A., Zawada, A., Dobrowolska, A., & Hrela-Kazmericzak, I. (2021). Does folic acid protect patients with inflammatory bowel disease from complications? Nutrients, 13(11), 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu13114036
  22. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020–2025 (9th ed.). https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf

Heart and circulation

  1. American College of Cardiology. (2023). Too little sodium can be harmful to heart failure patients. https://www.acc.org/About-ACC/Press-Releases/2023/02/22/20/42/Too-Little-Sodium-Can-be-Harmful-to-Heart-Failure-Patients
  2. American Heart Association. (2023). How much sodium should I eat per day?. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sodium/how-much-sodium-should-i-eat-per-day
  3. Bord, S. (2022). Electrolyte abnormalities. Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine. https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/m3-curriculum/group-electrocardiogram-(ecg)-rhythm-recognition/electrolyte-abnormalities
  4. Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Hypokalemia. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17740-low-potassium-levels-in-your-blood-hypokalemia
  5. Harvard Medical School. (2021). BMI calculator. https://www.health.harvard.edu/diet-and-weight-loss/bmi-calculator
  6. Harvard Health Publishing. (2020). Eat more fiber-rich foods to foster heart health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/eat-more-fiber-rich-foods-to-foster-heart-health
  7. Moll, J. (2022). Saturated vs. unsaturated fats. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/difference-between-saturated-fats-and-unsaturated-fats-697517
  8. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Good hydration may reduce long-term risks for heart failure. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/good-hydration-may-reduce-long-term-risks-heart-failure
  9. Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health. (2023). High-potassium foods. https://www.lancastergeneralhealth.org/healthwise-library/healthwise-article?lang=en-us&DocumentId=abo9047
  10. Srakocic, S. (2023). Understanding smoking’s effect on your blood vessels. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/does-smoking-constrict-your-blood-vessels
  11. University of California San Francisco. (2023). Guidelines for a low sodium diet. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/guidelines-for-a-low-sodium-diet
  12. University of Washington. (2023). Go green with high fiber foods.
  13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2023). Calcium: Shopping list. https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/healthy-living/nutrition/calcium-shopping-list
  14. Dahm, C., Chomistek, A., Jakobsen, M., Mukamal, K., Eliassen, A., Sesso, H., Overvad, K., Willett, W., Rimm, E., & Chiuve, S. (2016). Adolescent diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged women. J Am Heart Assoc., 20;5(12):e003583. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003583.
  15. FDA. (2022). Using the nutrition facts label: For older adults. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/using-nutrition-facts-label-older-adults
  16. FDA. (2022). Sodium in your diet. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/sodium-your-diet
  17. Lennie, T., Andreae, C., Rayens, M., Song, E., Dunbar, S., Pressler, S., Heo, S., Kim, J., & Moser, D. (2018). Micronutrient deficiency independently predicts time to events in patients with heart failure. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.117.007251
  18. Medical News Today. (2021). Can fish oils and omega-3 oils benefit our health? Retrieved from:. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/40253
  19. Sarder, M., Greway, A., DeAngelis, M., Tysko, E., Lehmann, S., Wohlstetter, M., & Patel, R. (2015). Cardiovascular impact of eating disorders in adults: A single center experience and literature review. Heart Views, 16(3). doi:10.4103/1995-705X.164463.
  20. United States Department of Agriculture. (2020), Dietary guidelines for Americans. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf

Kidney health

  1. de Bellefonds, C. (2023, March 21). 8 diet tips to help prevent or manage chronic kidney disease. Everyday Health. https://www.everydayhealth.com/kidney-diseases/diet-tips-to-help-prevent-or-manage-chronic-kidney-disease/
  2. DaVita. (2023). Healthy food swaps for a kidney diet. https://www.davita.com/diet-nutrition/articles/basics/healthy-food-swaps-for-a-kidney-diet
  3. Ferraro, P., Bargagli, M., Trinchieri, A., & Gambaro, G. (2020). Risk of kidney stones: Influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian–vegan diets. Nutrients, 12(3), 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030779
  4. Liao, Z., Fang, Z., Gou, S., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., He, Z., Li, X., Peng, Y., Fu, Z., Li, D., Chen, H., & Luo, Z. (2022). The role of diet in renal cell carcinoma incidence: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Medicine, 20(39). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02229-5
  5. UT Southwestern Medical Center. (2023, June 12). Lots of water, small dietary changes can help prevent kidney stones, UTSW expert says. https://www.newswise.com/articles/lots-of-water-small-dietary-changes-can-help-prevent-kidney-stones-utsw-expert-says

Brain and nervous system

  1. Bhat, Z., Morton, J., Mason, S., Bekhit, A., & Bhat, H. (2019). Obesity and neurological disorders: Dietary perspective of a global menace. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(8), 1294–1310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1404442
  2. D’Angelo, S. (2020). Current evidence on the effect of dietary polyphenols intake on brain health. Current Nutrition and Food Science, 16(8), 1170–1182. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401316999200714160126
  3. Dighriri I. M., Alsubaie, A. M., Hakami, F. M., Hamithi, D. M., Alshekh, M. M., Khobrani, F. A., Dalak, F. E., Hakami, A. A., Alsueaadi, E. H., Alsaawi, L. S., Alshammari, S. F., Alqahtani, A. S., Alawi, I. A., Aljuaid, A. A., & Tawhari, M. Q. (2022). Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain functions: A systematic review. Cureus 14(10), e30091. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30091
  4. Guasch-Ferré, M., Liu, G., Li, Y., Sampson, L., Manson, J. E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Martínez-González, M. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Sun, Q., & Hu, F. B. (2020). Olive oil consumption and cardiovascular risk in U.S. adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(15), 1729–1739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.036
  5. Harlyjoy, B. C., Sukmawan, R., Muliawan, H. S., Soerarso, R., Radi, B., & Widyantoro, B. (2019). Plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor level as a modifying factor for trans fat intake and hypertension. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 55, 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.005
  6. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Copper. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/
  7. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Iodine. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/
  8. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Magnesium. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
  9. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Selenium. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/
  10. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Zinc. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/
  11. Morris, M., Wang, Y., Barnes, L., Bennett, D., Dawson-Hughes, B., & Booth, S. (2018). Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study. Neurology, 90(3), e214–e222. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004815

Hormones and metabolism

  1. American Diabetes Association. (n.d.). Vitamins and supplements. https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/recipes-nutrition/vitamins-diabetes
  2. Bellastella, G., Scappacticcio, L., Caiazzo, F., Tomasuolo, M., Carotenuto, R., Caputo, M., Arena, S., Caruso, P,. Maiorino, M. I., & Esposito, K. (2022). Mediterranean diet and thyroid: An interesting alliance. Nutrients, 14(19), 4130. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194130
  3. Caballero A. E. (2018). The “A to Z” of Managing Type 2 Diabetes in Culturally Diverse Populations. Frontiers in endocrinology, 9, 479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00479
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). How to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Type 1 Diabetes. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/low-blood-sugar-treatment.html
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Traditional foods. Native Diabetes Wellness Program. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ndwp/traditional-foods/index.html
  6. Campbell, M., & Jialal, I. (2022). Physiology, endocrine hormones. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538498/

Blood and immunity

  1. Achebe, M., & Gafter-Gvili, A. (2017). How I treat anemia in pregnancy: iron, cobalamin, and folate. Blood, 129(8), 940–949. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-08-672246
  2. Kaur, D., Rasane, P., Singh, J., Kaur, S., Kumar, V., Mahato, D. K., Dey, A., Dhawan, K., & Kumar, S. (2019). Nutritional interventions for elderly and considerations for the development of geriatric foods. Current Aging Science, 12(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609812666190521110548
  3. Nemati, R., McEntyre, C., Li, B., Phillips, I., & Sies, C. (2022). Fat-soluble vitamins: Mechanisms and metabolism: A narrative review. New Zealand Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 76(1), 03–08.
  4. Sizar, O., Khare, S., Goyal, A., & Givlar, A. (2022). Vitamin D deficiency. In StatPearls [Internet]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335299/
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). What is vitamin K deficiency bleeding?. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/vitamink/facts.html

Bones, muscle, skin and hair

  1. Benedetti, J. (2021, August 17). The Best Foods for Vitamins and Minerals. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-best-foods-for-vitamins-and-minerals
  2. Cleveland Clinic, Health Essentials. (2023, January 31). What to Eat When You are Trying to Heal. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/foods-to-help-healing/
  3. Endocrine Society. (2022, January 24). Menopause and bone loss. https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/menopause-and-bone-loss
  4. Gelsomin, E. (2020, March 9). The scoop on protein powder. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-scoop-on-protein-powder-2020030918986
  5. Harvard Health Publishing. (2022, August 15). The hidden dangers of protein powders. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-hidden-dangers-of-protein-powders
  6. Klemm, S. (2020, July 21). How teen athletes can build muscles with protein. American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. https://www.eatright.org/health/essential-nutrients/protein/how-teen-athletes-can-build-muscles-with-protein

المصادر

المراجع العلمية والصحية التي تستند إليها المعلومات الغذائية والدرجات والتوصيات في تطبيق دي إن.

المغذيات الكبرى

  1. Alzahrani, M., AlGhrab, S., Althwabi, M., Sudan, A., Jurays, N., Alalyani, F., Bin Fudhayl, S., Alfahadi, M., Asiri, Y., & Alshahrani, A. (2022). Awareness of Lactose Intolerance Disorder in Saudi Arabia Population. Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 11(6), 3118–3124. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2247_21
  2. American Heart Association. (2021, November 21). Saturated fat. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/saturated-fats
  3. Bendsen, N. T., Christensen, R., Bartels, E. M., & Astrup, A. (2011). Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(7), 773–783. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.34
  4. Clark, C., Imran, J., Madni, T., & Wolf, S. E. (2017). Nutrition and metabolism in burn patients. Burns & Trauma, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41038-017-0076-x
  5. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Martín-Rodríguez A, Ramos-Campo DJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Tornero-Aguilera JF. (2022, September 15). The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease. Nutrients, 14(18):3809. doi: 10.3390/nu14183809. PMID: 36145184; PMCID: PMC9505863.
  6. Dickerson, R. N. (2016). Nitrogen balance and protein requirements for critically ill older patients. Nutrients, 8(4), 226. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu8040226
  7. Garden-Robinson, J., & Christenson, J. (2019). Teens and protein: How much do you need? North Dakota State University. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/teens-and-protein-how-much-do-you-need
  8. Gordon, B., & Klemm, S. (2022, June 23). How much water do you need? The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. https://www.eatright.org/health/essential-nutrients/water/how-much-water-do-you-need
  9. Guilbeau, J., & Watson, C. S. (2022). Assessment and management of vitamin D deficiency. Women’s Healthcare: A Clinical Journal for NPs, 10(1), 36–40.
  10. Liu, A. G., Ford, N. A., Hu, F. B., Zelman, K. M., Mozaffarian, D., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2016). A healthy approach to dietary fats: Understanding the science and taking action to reduce consumer confusion. Nutrition Journal, 16(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0271-4
  11. McDermott, B. P., Anderson, S. A., Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Cheuvront, S. N., Cooper, L., Kenney, W. L., O’Connor, F. G., & Roberts, W. O. (2017). National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: Fluid replacement for the physically active. Journal of Athletic Training, 52(9), 877–895. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02
  12. Munoz-Urtubia, N., Vega-Munoz, A., Estrada-Munoz, C., Salazar-Sepulveda, G., Contreras-Barraza, N., & Castillo, D. (2023). Healthy Behavior and Sports Drinks: A Systematic Review. NUTRIENTS, 15(13), 2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132915
  13. National Kidney Foundation of Hawaii. (n.d.). Understanding the Renal Diet: Protein. https://kidneyhi.org/dietitian-blog/how-much-protein-do-i-need-on-a-ckd-diet/
  14. Precker, M. (2022, January 27). Sound the fiber alarm! Most of us need more of it in our diet. American Heart Association News. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2022/01/27/sound-the-fiber-alarm-most-of-us-need-more-of-it-in-our-diet
  15. Seal, C. J., Courtin, C. M., Venema, K., & de Vries, J. (2021). Health benefits of whole grain: Effects on dietary carbohydrate quality, the gut microbiome, and consequences of processing. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(3), 2742–2768. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12728
  16. Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000852

المغذيات الدقيقة

  1. Cowan, A., Tooze, J., Gahche, J, Bhadra, A, Carroll, R., & Bailey, R. (2020). Trends in overall and micronutrient containing dietary supplement use in adults and children, NHANES 2007-2018. The Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac168
  2. Crist, B. L., Alekel, D. L., Ritland, L. M., Hanson, L. N., Genschel, U., & Reddy, M. B. (2009). Association of oxidative stress, iron, and centralized fat mass in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of Women’s Health, 18(6), 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.0988
  3. Cuskelly, G. J., Mooney, K. M., & Young, I. S. (2007). Folate and vitamin B12: friendly or enemy nutrients for the elderly. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66(4 pp.548–558), 548–558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665107005873
  4. Farag, M. A., Abib, B., Qin, Z., Ze, X., & Ali, S. E. (2023). Dietary macrominerals: Updated review of their role and orchestration in human nutrition throughout the life cycle with sex differences. Current Research in Food Science, 6, 100450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100450
  5. Fletcher, J. (2019). What are the six essential nutrients? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326132
  6. Hanna, M., Jaqua, E., Nguyen, V., & Clay, J. (2022). B vitamins: functions and uses in medicine. Permanente Journal, 26(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/21.204
  7. Harguth, A. (2022). Why take vitamin and mineral supplements? Mayo Clinic Health System. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/why-take-vitamin-and-mineral-supplements
  8. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling. Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (U.S.); 2003. 3, Overview of Food Fortification in the United States and Canada. Available from:. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK208880/
  9. Leung, A. M., Braverman, L. E., & Pearce, E. N. (2012). History of U.S. iodine fortification and supplementation. Nutrients, 4(11), 1740–1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4111740
  10. National Institutes of Health. (2021a). Pantothenic Acid. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/PantothenicAcid-HealthProfessional/
  11. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin C. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
  12. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin E. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/
  13. National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin K. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/
  14. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Biotin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/
  15. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Choline. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/
  16. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Folate. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
  17. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Niacin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/
  18. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Riboflavin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/
  19. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Vitamin A and Carotenoids. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA/HealthProfessional/
  20. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Thiamin. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/
  21. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Vitamin B12. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
  22. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Vitamin B6. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
  23. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Vitamins and minerals. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/vitamins-and-minerals
  24. Reddy, P. & Jialal, I. (2022). Biochemistry, fat soluble vitamins. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534869
  25. Soliman, N. M. S. E. D., Kotby, A. A., Shabaan, M. A., & Eid, E. M. (2022). Serum chloride and serum sodium derangements in children on prolonged furosemide therapy and their effect on diuretic response. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43054-022-00116-z
  26. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. December 2020. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/
  27. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022). Daily Value on the New Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-new-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels
  28. Weyh, C., Krüger, K., Peeling, P., & Castell, L. (2022). The role of minerals in the optimal functioning of the immune system. Nutrients, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030644

الهضم وصحة الأمعاء

  1. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2020, January 23). Foods to fight iron deficiency. https://www.eatright.org/health/essential-nutrients/minerals/iron-deficiency
  2. Azzouz, L. A., & Sharma, S. (2023, July 31). Physiology, large intestine (PMID 29939634). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507857/
  3. Bartel, M. (2022). Effects of Ageing on the Digestive System. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/biology-of-the-digestive-system/effects-of-aging-on-the-digestive-system
  4. Baton Rouge General (Mayo Clinic Care Network). (2023). Fad Diets and Colon Cancer. Are They Worth the Risk? Retrieved from. https://www.brgeneral.org/news-blog/2023/march/fad-diets-and-colon-cancer-are-they-worth-the-ri/
  5. Castera, M., & Borhade, M. (2022, September 5). Fluid management (PMID 30335338). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532305/
  6. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.-a). Hyperkalemia (high potassium). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15184-hyperkalemia-high-blood-potassium
  7. eBioMedicine. (2022). The Dynamics of the Immune System and Gut in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. The Lancet, 83(104273). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104273
  8. Moffitt Cancer Center (2023). What Foods Reduce the Risk of Colon Cancer? Retrieved from. https://moffitt.org/cancers/colon-cancer/faqs/what-foods-reduce-the-risk-of-colon-cancer/
  9. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2022). Your Digestive System and How it Works. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works
  10. NHS (2023). Fat: The Facts. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/different-fats-nutrition/
  11. Ems, T., Lucia, K., & Huecker, M. (2023, April 17). Biochemistry, iron absorption (PMID 28846259). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448204/
  12. Hakes, H. (2021, April 5). Vitamin deficiencies: Noting the oral health clues present in the mouth. https://www.todaysrdh.com/vitamin-deficiencies-noting-the-oral-health-clues-present-in-the-mouth/
  13. Johnson, L. E. (2022, November). Riboflavin deficiency (vitamin B2 deficiency). MSD Manual. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/vitamin-deficiency,-dependency,-and-toxicity/riboflavin-deficiency
  14. Sawar, M. F., Sawar, M. H., & Sawar, M. (2021). Deficiency of B-complex and its relation with body disorders. In J. G. LeBlanc (Ed.). B-complex vitamins. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78374
  15. Stewart, A. (n.d.). Deficiency symptoms and signs. Stewart Nutrition. https://www.stewartnutrition.co.uk/nutritional_assesment/deficiency_symptoms_and_signs.html
  16. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Portions and serving sizes. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/nutrition/Pages/Portions-and-Serving-Sizes.aspx
  17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2023). Nutrition during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/nutrition-during-pregnancy
  18. Balestrieri, P., Ribolsi, M., Guarino, M., Emerenziani, S., Altomare, A., & Cicala, M. (2020). Nutritional aspects in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutrients, 12(2), 372. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu12020372
  19. Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). 5 foods to improve your digestion. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/5-foods-to-improve-your-digestion
  20. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2023). Eat healthy during pregnancy: Quick tips. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/pregnancy/nutrition-and-physical-activity/eat-healthy-during-pregnancy-quick-tips
  21. Ratajczak, A., Szymczak-Tomczak, A., Rychter, A., Zawada, A., Dobrowolska, A., & Hrela-Kazmericzak, I. (2021). Does folic acid protect patients with inflammatory bowel disease from complications? Nutrients, 13(11), 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu13114036
  22. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020–2025 (9th ed.). https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf

القلب والدورة الدموية

  1. American College of Cardiology. (2023). Too little sodium can be harmful to heart failure patients. https://www.acc.org/About-ACC/Press-Releases/2023/02/22/20/42/Too-Little-Sodium-Can-be-Harmful-to-Heart-Failure-Patients
  2. American Heart Association. (2023). How much sodium should I eat per day?. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sodium/how-much-sodium-should-i-eat-per-day
  3. Bord, S. (2022). Electrolyte abnormalities. Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine. https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/m3-curriculum/group-electrocardiogram-(ecg)-rhythm-recognition/electrolyte-abnormalities
  4. Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Hypokalemia. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17740-low-potassium-levels-in-your-blood-hypokalemia
  5. Harvard Medical School. (2021). BMI calculator. https://www.health.harvard.edu/diet-and-weight-loss/bmi-calculator
  6. Harvard Health Publishing. (2020). Eat more fiber-rich foods to foster heart health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/eat-more-fiber-rich-foods-to-foster-heart-health
  7. Moll, J. (2022). Saturated vs. unsaturated fats. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/difference-between-saturated-fats-and-unsaturated-fats-697517
  8. National Institutes of Health. (2022). Good hydration may reduce long-term risks for heart failure. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/good-hydration-may-reduce-long-term-risks-heart-failure
  9. Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health. (2023). High-potassium foods. https://www.lancastergeneralhealth.org/healthwise-library/healthwise-article?lang=en-us&DocumentId=abo9047
  10. Srakocic, S. (2023). Understanding smoking’s effect on your blood vessels. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/does-smoking-constrict-your-blood-vessels
  11. University of California San Francisco. (2023). Guidelines for a low sodium diet. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/guidelines-for-a-low-sodium-diet
  12. University of Washington. (2023). Go green with high fiber foods.
  13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2023). Calcium: Shopping list. https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/healthy-living/nutrition/calcium-shopping-list
  14. Dahm, C., Chomistek, A., Jakobsen, M., Mukamal, K., Eliassen, A., Sesso, H., Overvad, K., Willett, W., Rimm, E., & Chiuve, S. (2016). Adolescent diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged women. J Am Heart Assoc., 20;5(12):e003583. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003583.
  15. FDA. (2022). Using the nutrition facts label: For older adults. https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/using-nutrition-facts-label-older-adults
  16. FDA. (2022). Sodium in your diet. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/sodium-your-diet
  17. Lennie, T., Andreae, C., Rayens, M., Song, E., Dunbar, S., Pressler, S., Heo, S., Kim, J., & Moser, D. (2018). Micronutrient deficiency independently predicts time to events in patients with heart failure. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.117.007251
  18. Medical News Today. (2021). Can fish oils and omega-3 oils benefit our health? Retrieved from:. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/40253
  19. Sarder, M., Greway, A., DeAngelis, M., Tysko, E., Lehmann, S., Wohlstetter, M., & Patel, R. (2015). Cardiovascular impact of eating disorders in adults: A single center experience and literature review. Heart Views, 16(3). doi:10.4103/1995-705X.164463.
  20. United States Department of Agriculture. (2020), Dietary guidelines for Americans. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf

صحة الكلى

  1. de Bellefonds, C. (2023, March 21). 8 diet tips to help prevent or manage chronic kidney disease. Everyday Health. https://www.everydayhealth.com/kidney-diseases/diet-tips-to-help-prevent-or-manage-chronic-kidney-disease/
  2. DaVita. (2023). Healthy food swaps for a kidney diet. https://www.davita.com/diet-nutrition/articles/basics/healthy-food-swaps-for-a-kidney-diet
  3. Ferraro, P., Bargagli, M., Trinchieri, A., & Gambaro, G. (2020). Risk of kidney stones: Influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian–vegan diets. Nutrients, 12(3), 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030779
  4. Liao, Z., Fang, Z., Gou, S., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., He, Z., Li, X., Peng, Y., Fu, Z., Li, D., Chen, H., & Luo, Z. (2022). The role of diet in renal cell carcinoma incidence: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Medicine, 20(39). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02229-5
  5. UT Southwestern Medical Center. (2023, June 12). Lots of water, small dietary changes can help prevent kidney stones, UTSW expert says. https://www.newswise.com/articles/lots-of-water-small-dietary-changes-can-help-prevent-kidney-stones-utsw-expert-says

الدماغ والجهاز العصبي

  1. Bhat, Z., Morton, J., Mason, S., Bekhit, A., & Bhat, H. (2019). Obesity and neurological disorders: Dietary perspective of a global menace. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(8), 1294–1310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1404442
  2. D’Angelo, S. (2020). Current evidence on the effect of dietary polyphenols intake on brain health. Current Nutrition and Food Science, 16(8), 1170–1182. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401316999200714160126
  3. Dighriri I. M., Alsubaie, A. M., Hakami, F. M., Hamithi, D. M., Alshekh, M. M., Khobrani, F. A., Dalak, F. E., Hakami, A. A., Alsueaadi, E. H., Alsaawi, L. S., Alshammari, S. F., Alqahtani, A. S., Alawi, I. A., Aljuaid, A. A., & Tawhari, M. Q. (2022). Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain functions: A systematic review. Cureus 14(10), e30091. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30091
  4. Guasch-Ferré, M., Liu, G., Li, Y., Sampson, L., Manson, J. E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Martínez-González, M. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Sun, Q., & Hu, F. B. (2020). Olive oil consumption and cardiovascular risk in U.S. adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(15), 1729–1739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.036
  5. Harlyjoy, B. C., Sukmawan, R., Muliawan, H. S., Soerarso, R., Radi, B., & Widyantoro, B. (2019). Plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor level as a modifying factor for trans fat intake and hypertension. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 55, 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.005
  6. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Copper. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/
  7. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Iodine. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/
  8. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Magnesium. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
  9. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Selenium. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/
  10. National Institutes of Health. (2023). Zinc. Office of Dietary Supplements, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/
  11. Morris, M., Wang, Y., Barnes, L., Bennett, D., Dawson-Hughes, B., & Booth, S. (2018). Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study. Neurology, 90(3), e214–e222. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004815

الهرمونات والأيض

  1. American Diabetes Association. (n.d.). Vitamins and supplements. https://diabetes.org/healthy-living/recipes-nutrition/vitamins-diabetes
  2. Bellastella, G., Scappacticcio, L., Caiazzo, F., Tomasuolo, M., Carotenuto, R., Caputo, M., Arena, S., Caruso, P,. Maiorino, M. I., & Esposito, K. (2022). Mediterranean diet and thyroid: An interesting alliance. Nutrients, 14(19), 4130. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194130
  3. Caballero A. E. (2018). The “A to Z” of Managing Type 2 Diabetes in Culturally Diverse Populations. Frontiers in endocrinology, 9, 479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00479
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). How to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Type 1 Diabetes. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/low-blood-sugar-treatment.html
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Traditional foods. Native Diabetes Wellness Program. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ndwp/traditional-foods/index.html
  6. Campbell, M., & Jialal, I. (2022). Physiology, endocrine hormones. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538498/

الدم والمناعة

  1. Achebe, M., & Gafter-Gvili, A. (2017). How I treat anemia in pregnancy: iron, cobalamin, and folate. Blood, 129(8), 940–949. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-08-672246
  2. Kaur, D., Rasane, P., Singh, J., Kaur, S., Kumar, V., Mahato, D. K., Dey, A., Dhawan, K., & Kumar, S. (2019). Nutritional interventions for elderly and considerations for the development of geriatric foods. Current Aging Science, 12(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609812666190521110548
  3. Nemati, R., McEntyre, C., Li, B., Phillips, I., & Sies, C. (2022). Fat-soluble vitamins: Mechanisms and metabolism: A narrative review. New Zealand Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 76(1), 03–08.
  4. Sizar, O., Khare, S., Goyal, A., & Givlar, A. (2022). Vitamin D deficiency. In StatPearls [Internet]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335299/
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). What is vitamin K deficiency bleeding?. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/vitamink/facts.html

العظام والعضلات والبشرة والشعر

  1. Benedetti, J. (2021, August 17). The Best Foods for Vitamins and Minerals. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-best-foods-for-vitamins-and-minerals
  2. Cleveland Clinic, Health Essentials. (2023, January 31). What to Eat When You are Trying to Heal. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/foods-to-help-healing/
  3. Endocrine Society. (2022, January 24). Menopause and bone loss. https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/menopause-and-bone-loss
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